Ideas across traditions · meditation · Arabic
murāqaba
Works in 2 traditions beyond Arabic attest this concept, on 7 cited pages.
Also under: muraqaba · muraqabah · muraqabat · مراقبة
3works in other traditions, with a cited page
15works in Arabic, its home tradition on the maps
6further works where only a vocabulary list or keyword names it; not shown
3judged analogues in other traditions (a different word for a neighbouring idea)
Analogues, judged
A different word, in another tradition, that a reviewer judged to name a neighbouring idea. These are not attestations of murāqaba; each carries the reviewer’s confidence and reason.
- nepsis Early Christian & Monastic75%Sufi self-watchfulness before God — a parallel practice in another tradition, not a rendering of nepsis (judged from the other side)
- contemplatio Medieval Latin60%Latin Christian contemplation ('first comes operation, then contemplation') - an adjacent contemplative concept, not a rendering of muraqaba
- dhyāna Indian55%Indian meditation term glossed 'Meditation/Zen'; shares only the broad gloss 'contemplation'
In other traditions
Ordered by the earliest work in each tradition that attests the concept. Within a tradition, works run from earliest to latest by conventional composition date.
Persian
- 1186Suhrawardī (Shihāb al-Dīn Yaḥyā), Ḥikmat al-Ishrāqsame word
- 1186Suhrawardī, Ḥikmat al-ishrāq (knowledge by presence)same word
Turkic
At home in Arabic
- 980 CESarraj, Kitab al-Lumasame word
- 980 CESarrāj, Kitāb al-Lumaʿsame word
- 988 CEal-Sarrāj, Kitāb al-Lumaʿsame word
- 1025Avicenna, al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb (brain, inner senses, sleep, melancholy)same word
- 1045Qushayri, al-Risala al-Qushayriyyasame word
- 1045al-Qushayrī, al-Risāla al-Qushayriyyasame word
- 1046Qushayrī, Al-Risāla al-Qushayriyyasame word
- 1097Ghazali, Ihya Ulum al-Dinsame word
- muraqaba — constant awareness of Godpatience for the sake of God by keeping one's resolve centered upon Him, practicing the sincerity of self-watchfulness (Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn (Revival of the Religious Sciences), 1888, p. 179 · flagged as a term by the translator
- muraqaba — vigilancepeating geometric pattern encloses the entire block of text. The fruit of this yaqin certainty is the sincerity of one’sThe Revival of the Religious Sciences (Ihya Ulum al-Din), 1937, p. 135 · flagged as a term by the translator
- Murāqabahd how to traverse it, with sincere hope for the uncovering of that through spiritual struggle Mujāhadah and watchfulnessإحياء علوم الدين (Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn), 1402, p. 81 · flagged as a term by the translator
- 1100al-Ghazālī, Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn (ʿAjāʾib al-qalb; Book 40 on dreams and the grave)same word
- muraqaba — constant awareness of Godpatience for the sake of God by keeping one's resolve centered upon Him, practicing the sincerity of self-watchfulness (Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn (Revival of the Religious Sciences), 1888, p. 179 · flagged as a term by the translator
- muraqaba — vigilancepeating geometric pattern encloses the entire block of text. The fruit of this yaqin certainty is the sincerity of one’sThe Revival of the Religious Sciences (Ihya Ulum al-Din), 1937, p. 135 · flagged as a term by the translator
- Murāqabahd how to traverse it, with sincere hope for the uncovering of that through spiritual struggle Mujāhadah and watchfulnessإحياء علوم الدين (Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn), 1402, p. 81 · flagged as a term by the translator
- 1100al-Ghazālī on dreams (Iḥyāʾ, Book 40; Munqidh)same word
- 1106Ghazālī, Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīnsame word
- muraqaba — vigilancepeating geometric pattern encloses the entire block of text. The fruit of this yaqin certainty is the sincerity of one’sThe Revival of the Religious Sciences (Ihya Ulum al-Din), 1937, p. 135 · flagged as a term by the translator
- Murāqabahd how to traverse it, with sincere hope for the uncovering of that through spiritual struggle Mujāhadah and watchfulnessإحياء علوم الدين (Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn), 1402, p. 81 · flagged as a term by the translator
- 1110al-Ghazālī, Minhāj al-ʿābidīnsame word
- 1230Ibn ʿArabī on the imaginal world (ʿālam al-mithāl) and dream (Futūḥāt, Fuṣūṣ ch. on Joseph)same word
- muraqaba — constant watchfulness over the soulo understand the science of the Hajj and what is attached to it, he must possess the knowledge of spiritual surveillanceالفتوحات المكية (Meccan Revelations), 1231, p. 104 · flagged as a term by the translator
- murâqabaay He be—practicing dhikr remembrance of God on the carpet of respect for spiritual conventions ( adab ), of vigilance (Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya (The Meccan Revelations), 2023, p. 132 · flagged as a term by the translator
- 1231Ibn ʿArabī, Al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyyasame word
- muraqaba — constant watchfulness over the soulo understand the science of the Hajj and what is attached to it, he must possess the knowledge of spiritual surveillanceالفتوحات المكية (Meccan Revelations), 1231, p. 104 · flagged as a term by the translator
- murâqabaay He be—practicing dhikr remembrance of God on the carpet of respect for spiritual conventions ( adab ), of vigilance (Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya (The Meccan Revelations), 2023, p. 132 · flagged as a term by the translator
- 1231Ibn ʿArabī, al-Futūḥāt al-makkiyya (imagination, ʿālam al-mithāl, dreams)same word
- muraqaba — constant watchfulness over the soulo understand the science of the Hajj and what is attached to it, he must possess the knowledge of spiritual surveillanceالفتوحات المكية (Meccan Revelations), 1231, p. 104 · flagged as a term by the translator
- murâqabaay He be—practicing dhikr remembrance of God on the carpet of respect for spiritual conventions ( adab ), of vigilance (Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya (The Meccan Revelations), 2023, p. 132 · flagged as a term by the translator
Evidence gate. A work is listed only where a translator marked the word as a term with a gloss, or kept the original word beside the English, on at least one page of a held edition. Vocabulary lists and keywords alone do not count: in a Greek vocabulary list ἡσυχία is the ordinary word for quiet. Up to 3 pages are shown per work, preferring those with a gloss. The vocabulary was built 2026-09-11; the graph on 2026-09-13.